# Nature-Inspired Population-Based Evolution of Large Language Models

**Source:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01155  
**Authors or institution:** Yiqun Zhang, Peng Ye, Xiaocui Yang, Shi Feng, Shufei Zhang, Lei Bai, Wanli Ouyang, Shuyue Hu  
**Publication date:** 2025-03-03  
**Publication status:** arXiv preprint  
**Evidence level:** Emerging evidence  
**Date last reviewed in UTC:** 2026-06-26T00:00:00Z

## Direct findings or source content

Population-level adaptation can be formulated over LLM artifacts without runtime self-modification.

## Cognivirus interpretation

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## Limits

Preprint; task scope and safety properties require independent replication. That such evolution is safe under open-ended deployment pressure.

## Source handling

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